The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinal, a compound that plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. Retinal is one of the forms of vitamin A.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinol, one of the three compounds that makes up vitamin A.

A complex of two proteins, which in animals is 50kDa and consists of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and one of the insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1), -2 (IGFBP-2), -4 (IGFBP-4) and -6 (IGFBP-6). The complex plays a role in growth and development.

A complex of three proteins, which in animals is approximately 150kDa and consists of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF), the insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), or -5 (IGFBP-5) and an acid-labile subunit (ALS). The complex plays a role in growth and development.

A spherical, membrane-bounded organelle found in some anaerobic protozoa, which participates in ATP and molecular hydrogen formation.

A complex which usually consists of three components, e.g. in Xenopus and yeast, the export receptor CRM1 (also known as exportin 1), the Ran protein and any RNA with a nuclear export sequence (NES). The complex acts to export RNA molecules with a NES from the nucleus through a nuclear pore.

A dimer consisting of an alpha and a beta-subunit that imports proteins with an NLS into the nucleus through a nuclear pore.

OBSOLETE. A protein complex which usually consists of three components, e.g. in Xenopus, the importin alpha-subunit/CAS/Ran, and which functions to transport the importin alpha-subunit out of the nucleus through the nuclear pore.

Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene = alpha-amyrin. This reaction is a cyclization and rearrangement of (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene (2,3-oxidosqualene) into alpha-amyrin.

OBSOLETE. Any of the small, heterogeneous, artifactual, vesicular particles that are formed when some cells are homogenized.

Any process that results in a change in the behavior of an organism as a result of deprivation of nourishment.

The lipid bilayer surrounding a zymogen granule.

A membrane-bounded, cytoplasmic secretory granule found in enzyme-secreting cells and visible by light microscopy. Contain zymogen, an inactive enzyme precursor, often of a digestive enzyme.

Cytoplasmic bead-like structures of animal cells, visible by electron microscope. Each granule is a functional unit with the biosynthesis and catabolism of glycogen being catalyzed by enzymes bound to the granule surface.

Catalysis of the reaction: formyl-L-methionyl peptide + H2O = formate + methionyl peptide.

The enlarged, fluid filled nucleus of a primary oocyte, the development of which is suspended in prophase I of the first meiotic division between embryohood and sexual maturity.

The lipid bilayer surrounding a chromaffin granule, a specialized secretory vesicle found in the cells of adrenal glands and various other organs, which is concerned with the synthesis, storage, metabolism, and secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine.